Nerve roots distal to the termination of the spinal cord comprise what is called the cauda equina (CE). Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is low back pain, typically bilateral, saddle sensory disturbances, variable... Read more »
Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. Patients with the disease experience excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues. It appears that the primary defect... Read more »
Carotid/vertebral artery dissection is an underdiagnosed disease that can result in substantial morbidity. It has an incidence of 1-1.5/100000 and disproportionately affects young patients. Diagnosis is challenging clinically because the symptoms are... Read more »
The third T in the 3T trauma framework (see cases on epidural hematoma and penetrating trauma) refers to “other targets” and concerns delayed complications of traumatic brain injury. These competitions include hydrocephalus,... Read more »
Trauma is the sixth leading cause of death world wide. Non-penetrating head trauma is the most common form of trauma and involves forces that impact but do not penetrate the parenchyma. Motor... Read more »
Trauma accounts for approximately 1 in 3 ER visits nationwide and is a major public health problem. It is the leading cause of death amongst youth and young adults and a major... Read more »
Radiotherapy is commonly used as an adjuvant therapy to surgery and chemotherapy in the management of primary brain neoplasms. Radiation destroys cells and damages the tumor blood supply. Addition of radiation therapy... Read more »
Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with primary brain neoplasms. In particular, imaging is typically performed within 48 hours of tumor resection. Read more »
Masses of the pineal region can be divided into pineal and non pineal. Non pineal masses can arise from any of the structures in the region and include glioma (from the tectum... Read more »
Tumors of the pineal gland can be categorized into pineal cell and germ cell depending of their cell type of origin. Unlike germ cell tumors, pineal cell tumors tend to expand the... Read more »