{"id":34,"date":"2012-09-26T19:53:19","date_gmt":"2012-09-26T19:53:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/docneuro.jz7sunfr-liquidwebsites.com\/landau-kleffner-syndrome\/"},"modified":"2012-09-26T19:53:19","modified_gmt":"2012-09-26T19:53:19","slug":"landau-kleffner-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/docneuro.com\/landau-kleffner-syndrome\/","title":{"rendered":"Landau Kleffner Syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Landua Kleffner Syndrome is one of a spectrum of childhood epileptic disorders and presents with acquired aphasia (loss of the ability to speak or understand speech after initially being able to).\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>  <!--more-->  <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.3em;\">Characteristics of Landau Kleffner Syndrome<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sudden or gradual development of aphasia (receptive and expressive) after initially normal speech development.<\/li>\n<li>Onset usually between the ages of 5 and 7 years.<\/li>\n<li>EEG abnormalities including continuous spike-and-wave during sleep.<\/li>\n<li>Many patients, but not all, have seizures.<\/li>\n<li>Seizure activity typically resolves by teenage years, but speech is permanently lost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>An example of continuous spike-and-wave EEG waveforms can be seen here (from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/epilepsy-in-children-clinical-and-social-aspects\/sequential-prefrontal-lobe-volume-changes-in-epileptic-patients-with-continuous-spikes-and-waves-dur\" title=\"Sequential Prefrontal Lobe Volume Changes in Epileptic Patients with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow Sleep\">Kanamura and Aihara 2011<\/a>):<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/source\/html\/19688\/media\/image3.jpeg\" border=\"0\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>The role of sleep in cortical development<\/h2>\n<p>Many studies have now shown that sleep is important for the consolidation of memories. Only a few studies, however, have looked at the specific role of sleep in the development of cortical organization in the mammal. The first to convincingly show a role for sleep in the development of cortical maps was the work of Frank et al., 2001. In this study the authors showed that experience-dependent changes in cortical organization occurred during sleep, and disrupting sleep actually inhibited cortical changes that would otherwise occur.<\/p>\n<p>This has direct implications for disorders like Landau Kleffner because the continuous spike-and-wave activity in young children likely disrupts cortical reorganization that is crucial to environmentally driven learning and brain plasticity. In particular, disruption of night-time plasticity during the sensitive period for language and hearing development almost certainly underlies the loss of language (acquired aphasia) that characterizes Landau Kleffner Syndrome.<\/p>\n<h2>Treatment modalities<\/h2>\n<p>Until recently treatment focused on seizure control using anti-epileptic drugs. However, these have typically had little to no effect on the long-term development of aphasia. According to Geva-Dayan et al. (2012)\u00a0small number of patients with Landau Kleffner Syndrome have benefited from IVIg (IV immunoglobulin) therapy, although even in this series not all patients treated showed benefit.<\/p>\n<h2>Reference<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Hideaki Kanemura and Masao Aihara (2011). Sequential Prefrontal Lobe Volume Changes in Epileptic Patients with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow Sleep, Epilepsy in Children &#8211; Clinical and Social Aspects, Z?eljka Petelin Gadz?e (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-681-2, InTech, Available from: http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/epilepsy-in-children-clinical-and-social-aspects\/sequential-prefrontal-lobe-volume-changes-in-epileptic-patients-with-continuous-spikes-and-waves-dur<\/li>\n<li>Frank, Issa, Stryker. (2001) Sleep Enhances Plasticity in the Developing Visual Cortex. Neuron 30:275\u2013287.<\/li>\n<li>Geva-Dayan, Shorer, Menascu, Linder, Goldberg-Stern, Heyman, Lerman-Sagie, Ben Zeev, Kramer (2012) Immunoglobulin\u00a0treatment\u00a0for severe childhood epilepsy.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22633633\">Pediatr Neurol.<\/a> 2012 46:375-381.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Landua Kleffner Syndrome is one of a spectrum of childhood epileptic disorders and presents with acquired aphasia (loss of the ability to speak or understand speech after initially being able to).\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[101,102,103,100,104],"aioseo_notices":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Landau Kleffner Syndrome - DocNeuro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Characteristics, pathology, and treatment options for Landau Kleffner Syndrome.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/docneuro.com\/landau-kleffner-syndrome\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Landau Kleffner Syndrome - DocNeuro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Characteristics, pathology, and treatment options for Landau Kleffner Syndrome.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/docneuro.com\/landau-kleffner-syndrome\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"DocNeuro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DocNeuro\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-09-26T19:53:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/source\/html\/19688\/media\/image3.jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Naoum P. 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